What Is Team Leadership Theory - 907 Words

Human beings are social creatures, therefore have an innate desire to be accepted as part of a group, which delivers a sense of safety and security. Once accepted into established groups, intimidation can sway individual attitudes and behavior towards conforming to group norms, resulting in discouraged creativity, and decisions void of critical thinking. Because team-based structures are popular in today’s companies, it is important for managers to understand how to avoid conformity pitfalls. When utilizing team leadership theory, managers can mitigate negative consequences that group conformity instigates, by offering a leadership style that facilitates team member autonomy, creativity, healthy debate, and openness to new ideas. Human beings innately seek community and membership. Myers and Rosenberger (2012) explain that â€Å"humans, as social creatures, look to others for affiliation† (p.14), which corresponds with Over and Carpenter’s (2009) statement that â€Å"human beings are intensely social creatures and, as such, devote significant time and energy to creating and maintaining affiliative bonds with group members† (p.F1). This intrinsic desire for group affiliation, while important in evolutionary human survival, poses concern for today’s leaders who utilize team collaboration to achieve organizational goals. In team settings, it is important for managers to understand human social dynamics, and recognize if group behavior mimicry develops. The human need to belong,Show MoreRelatedLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Functional Leadership Theory1258 Words   |  6 Pages  There are many theories about leadership. This paper will contain information on one of those theories, functional leadership theory.   This paper will define functional leadership theory and discuss one of the people that helped develop this leadership theory. It will also give some advantages and disadvantages of functional leadership theory.   Ã‚   â€Å"Are good leaders made or born?†, this is an age-old question. People can argue that either can be true.   Good leaders need many qualities to be effectiveRead MoreLeadership Style : Douglas Mcgregor s Theory X767 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of autocratic leadership in terms of the four key characteristics of the theory and the way autocratic leadership can manifest, it’s auspicious to consider the theoretical basis of the leadership style: Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. Theory X Autocratic leadership style closely rests on the assumptions made in Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. The theory explains why people behave the way they do and if they are acting in a particular way, what kind of leadership style would be beneficialRead MoreContingency Leadership Theories and Effective Leadership800 Words   |  4 PagesContingency Leadership Theories and Effective Leadership Contingency leadership theories attempt to define leadership style, the situation, and answer the if-then contingencies. Situational leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness: the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. Path-goal theory states that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide direction or support neededRead MoreA Proposal on Effective Leadership Approaches830 Words   |  3 PagesFrom: Team leader, special programs department RE: PLAN ON LEADERSHIP OF THE NEW DEPARTMENT With the recent introduction of a new department and my appointment as the team leader of the team that was put up to ensure that the company effectively enters the intended market calls for sound and sober leadership. An effective leader like me is what the team requires so that the company can be able to effectively enter the market as fast as possible. It is an urgent requirement that the team is ledRead MoreEvolution of Leadership Theories1600 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Leadership Theories Author University Leadership is, and always has been, a vital aspect of social and economic constructs. It is essential to the survival of societies, industries, organizations, and virtually any group of individuals that come together for a common purpose. However, leadership is difficult to define in a single, definitive sense. As such, theories of leadership, what constitutes a great leader, and how leaders are made have evolved constantly throughout historyRead MoreLeadership As A Leader Is A Person Or Thing Who Leads1723 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction If you could in your own words define a leader what would you say a leader was? A leader could be considered many different things depending on who you ask. According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary a leader is a person or thing who leads. That’s a pretty broad definition. Sanjiv Kumar defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Kumar, 2014). BusinessDictionary.com defines a leader as a person or thing that holds a dominant or superior positionRead MoreLeadership Theory And Leadership Theories1659 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Leadership is not about a title or a designation. It s about impact, influence and inspiration. Impact involves getting results, influence is about spreading the passion you have for your work, and you have to inspire team-mates and customers.†- Robin S. Sharma. For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried to define wha t allows authentic leaders to stand apart from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadershipRead MoreLeadership Theories And Behavior Approaches Of The Service Department Of A Global High Tech Company1578 Words   |  7 Pagesemployee low morale, I was assigned the duty to prepare a research paper that will iron out the different belief on what is right and what is wrong across the board as well as communicate information and solutions as well as provide a foundation of knowledge that will foster team spirit with peers and employees to solve these problems. This report will explore different leadership theories and behavior approaches including Tuckman’s group development model in an effort to share that information withRead MorePractice 3. Management And Employee Cooperation Are Very812 Words   |  4 Pagesis fostered constructed through leadership theories may not work in all environments which are why the managers must use a style that works for the manager and the employee. The style that is used must foster a workplace environment that builds teamwork and build on the management of the team. Three theories of leadership that may be used are transactional, transformation, and contingency. The use of the proper style may be interrelated with team building theories such as Tuckman’s, John Adairs

Kant and Deontological Theory Essay - 1226 Words

Kant and Deontological Theory Immanuel Kant was a moral philosopher. His theory, better known as deontological theory, holds that intent, reason, rationality, and good will are motivating factors in the ethical decision making process. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain major elements of his theory, its essential points, how it is used in the decision making process, and how it intersects with the teams values. While Kant’s theory may seem â€Å"overly optimistic† (Johnson, 2008) now, it was ruled as acceptable and rational behavior then. Kant believed that any moral or ethical decision could be achieved with consistent behavior. While judgment was based on reason, morals were based on rational choices made by human†¦show more content†¦The subject of good will for Kant is controversial. Kant believes that good will is not based on a reaction to the consequences, either negative or positive, merely by the intention of which the act was made. When an action is done in good will, the reasoning is not emotional (Johnson, 2008). It does not done out of sympathy or empathy for the individual, rather by a sense of duty. This is the controversial part because many believe that while good will is based on positive intentions, the act is performed through a feeling of love for the fellow man. Kant believes that good will focuses on all human beings regardless of feelings of love, friendship, bond, hatred, or lack of caring. This is why the best way to describe it is duty. However, Kant was not implying that no other motivating factor fuels good will. He was simply stating that when there is a dilemma that has the individual questioning the good will or morality of a decision that it is best to look at it from an unbiased view (Johnson, 2008). Removing emotional attachment from the situation has already proven to be helpful in making rational decisions in an otherwise difficult moment. According to Kant, imperatives are principles determining what individuals should do. These imperatives may be divided as those which are categorical, and those which are hypothetical; the former expresses imperatives that are thoseShow MoreRelatedKant Deontological Theory1659 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Name: Veronica Ryan Student No: 20120035 Assignment: Kant Lecturer: Prof: Wamsley Due Date: 23 August 2013 ____________________________________________________________________ Emmanuel Kant was an influential German Philosopher. He was born in Konigsberg in Prussia to Protestant parents he lived from 1724 to 1804. Kant observed the world around him and observed that that every culture religion and society has moral law whether they are obeyed or not. The Formula of Universal Law-Read MoreShould We Be A Good Grade?1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe study and development of ethical standard. There are many ethical issues that make us question what is right and wrong, but where do these questions derive from and how do they play a part in our morals. Ethical theory has been studied by philosophers since Thales, and each theory explains a different outlook on how our morals are comprised. Utilitarianism states that no action is essentially right or wrong. Rather the rightness or wrongness of an action is based on the nonmoral good that weRead MoreEssay on Exploration of Deontological Ethics833 Words   |  4 PagesExploration of Deontological Ethics Deontological ethics is concerned not with the action itself but the consequences of the action. Moral value is conferred by virtue of the actions in themselves. If a certain act is wrong, then it is wrong in all circumstances and conditions, irrespective of the consequences. This view of ethic stands in opposition to teleological views such as utilitarianism, which hold the view that the consequences of an action determine its moralRead MoreWho Is A Soldier Refuse An Illegal Or Unjust Order?1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are serious risk and consequences when Soldiers choose not to follow orders of their superiors and it rests on a Soldier’s understanding of what is illegal or unjust and immoral or moral. Kant is responsible for the most prominent and well-known form of deontological ethics. Kant’s moral theory is based on his view of the human being as having the unique capacity for rationality. Mitcham states that, â€Å"deontologists focus on the rightness of an act and not on what results from the act. Read MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions o f animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of other living creatures. Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics will provide two philosophical insightsRead MoreA Critical Evaluation of Worldcoms Ethical Problems Using the Deontological Framework1576 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿WorldCom Ethics Introduction The objective of this study is to examine the case of WorldCom and to answer the question of what are the ethical problems raised in the WorldCom case and to critically evaluate WorldComs ethical problems using the deontological framework. Finally, this study will assess WorldComs ethics and Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative. I. WorldCom Ethical Problems Raised It is reported that the case study of Moberg and Romar (2003) notes WorldComs encounter with creativeRead MoreDeontological and Teleological Ethical Theory1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe act Deontological Ethics = Non - Consequentialist Ethics Morality of an act is based in the act itself. Types of Teleological Ethics 1. Utilitarianism – Utilitarian moral theory is classical utilitarianism, 2. Varieties of ancient Greek virtue ethics – Aristotle Ethics is an Example a. The goal of ethics is to explain how one achieves the good life for human beings. There are only two basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories: teleological theories, deontological theories TELEOLOGICALRead MoreImmanuel Kants Theory Of Moralism And Utilitarian Ethics1377 Words   |  6 PagesDeontological ethicists focus on the morality of a person’s decisions based on principles of law or rules. Theories that follow this form of ethics question whether decisions made or considered good in action, rather than good in the end. Immanuel Kant, a famous great philosopher, generally based his thought on this form of ethics. On the other hand, utilitarian ethicists focus on maximizing the utilization of resources, also while balancing the principles of right and wrong. John Stuart Mills, anotherRead MoreKant And Kant s Theory Of Philosophy953 Words   |  4 PagesINFLUENCED BY: Kant was influenced by the scientist known for discovering gravity, Isaac Newton. Kant viewed the universe in a very mechanistic way, i.e., things operated according to fixed rules and emphasized the pre-eminence of reason as an authority for knowledge. It was this emphasis on reason that lead him towards his deontological theory, therefore he was concerned with the actions, not the consequences. Kant theory was influenced by: †¢ Religion: Kant thinking was used in Britain to challengeRead MoreDescribe the Main Principles of the Two Normative Ethical Theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism. Compare and Contrast the Two Theories, Bringing Out Any Problems or Limitations You See in Each.1652 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay †¢ Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories†¦) †¢ Utilitarianism- example †¢ Deontology- example- compare †¢ comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. †¢ Limitations and positives*

Managing - Leading and Stewardship for BMW - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging, Leading and Stewardship for BMW. Answer: Introduction This is an essay, which will depict the malpractices of the organization named Volkswagen, which has been in the limelight for their unethical practices and using cheat software. Volkswagen is one of the major organizations in Germany who can be considered as the one of the market. The organization had been facing stiff challenge from rival organization such as BMW and Dailmer (The Globe and Mail 2017). The organization had falsified their result of the emission test by installing cheat devices, which was able to detect when they are tested. These devices could change their performance depending upon that and the organization was able to bypass the tests without any hindrance. This facilitated the organization to meet the emission standards and the organization was able to enter the United States market. The organization was able to push their product in to the United States market due the high budget promotional campaigns, which stated that the Volkswagen is selling cars with lowest emission rates. The EPA investigated and found out that the organization has been using defeat devices in most of the diesel cars they were selling all over the world. The organization had used modifying software in the 3litre engines of all their premium cars, which has affected the most of the cars and the corresponding society (LSE Management 2017). Issues and analysis Volkswagen was able to capture a majority of the market in the industry due to the cheat device they had used. However, as the quality of the product was not up to the market the cars that had been sold were facing of lot if issues and the condition of the cars were deteriorating at a rapid rate. The cars experienced rattles which were mysterious, starting difficulties, poor consumption of fuel, weak acceleration and low power. Thus, the drivers who are driving have lost their faith on their trusted organization and they felt that the organization is degraded the quality of the product they have been doing (Fast Company 2017). The cars that had been affected due to this emission scandal had been sent back to the dealers. The majority of the cars required simple up gradation of their software and the cars having 1.6litre engines required massive changes. Volkswagen is one of the major companies and consisted of brands like Buggati, Lamborghini, Bentley, Porsche, Skoda, SEAT and Audi s o the cheat software that has been installed has affected all these brands. The organization had lost its reputation in the market and had profound impact on the corresponding society and environment. The organization tried to achieve damage control by calling back their shares and gave an apology in the public. The organization had been facing lawsuits and criminal, which has hampered the overall performance of the organization (DISHMAN 2015). The International council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) was able to discover this phenomenon, which means that the program is able to detect the start of the test cycle. The diesel engines have between the fuel efficiency, power and emission levels that are appropriate for the cars. However, Volkswagen deliberately made sure that the validation of the product was done incorrectly. The organization had become the target for most of the regulatory bodies in the multiple countries (Nahavandi 2016). The governing bodies kept on investigating the incident to find out the loopholes in their system and is considered the as act of stupidity as the cost of this cheat quite high. However, the main issue was that a huge amount of nitrogen oxide was emitting form the devices so it hampered the overall eco system of the society. These are green house gases, which include the nitrogen oxide and cause the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The organization has been facing billions of lawsuits from all over the world and is going under prosecution for criminal offense. This shows that leadership is one of the major factor for the development and sustainability of the organization (Ehrhart 2015). It is necessary for the leaders to guide their organization in the path of success and it is the responsibility of the leader to decide how the organization can give back to the society. The use the triple bottom line the organization is the way of giving back to the society and the corresponding environment. Thus, transformative leadership is one of the major factors for making changes in the organization and providing them with the appropriate guidance. This case of Volkswagen is against the principles of the organization theory as the decision taken by the top management in the organization is against all the normative theories (Latham 2014). It is the responsibility of the top management to take the accountability for the actions of their organization. However, Volkswagen made an apology and called back all their defective cars but still they had the full intention of the cheating the public. These malpractices in the organization should have stopped by the top management and the y should have focused on providing the society with a good car that can contribute to the society (Schyns and Riggio 2016). Technological advancement and cross culture of the organization are important factor for the change in the leadership patterns. The organizational structure has changed completely for top to bottom, which shows that modern organization work in a different manner. the great leaders are able to convey their message to their employees and avoids any sort of malpractices in the organization. Power and politics is one of the most important aspects of leadership and is related to this incident (Stanley 2016). The right balance in power and politics is required in the leaders so that the interest of the public is kept in mind. The organization tried to gain maximum amount of profit so they were forced to sacrifice the good of the society. Volkswagen gave more priority to the personal goals of the organization so the overall interest of the society is lost. Recommendations and conclusions The organization does not have much option left so hey will have to go for rebranding of their product by changing their current leaders. The organization requires an effective leader who can provide proper guidance and transform the organization in to something completely different. The organization will have to restart the organization under a different brand which could be a viable option. Thus, it can be concluded from the report that Volkswagen lacked in effective leadership and they needed a better leader to provide them with better goals and objectives. However, as it is one of the most reputed organizations in their market segment it can change their polices and can slowly build their organization structure to make sure that they can maintain their sustainability and gain competitive advantage in the market. References DISHMAN, L. 2015. How Volkswagens Company Culture Could Have Led Employees To Cheat | Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3054692/how-volkswagens-company-culture-could-have-led-employees-to-cheat Ehrhart, M.G., 2015. Self-concept, implicit leadership theories, and follower preferences for leadership.Zeitschrift fr Psychologie. Fast Company 2017. How Volkswagens Company Culture Could Have Led Employees To Cheat | Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3054692/how-volkswagens-company-culture-could-have-led-employees-to-cheat Latham, J.R., 2014. Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenges, theories, and a framework for future research.Quality Management Journal, 21 (1),5. LSE Management. 2017. Volkswagen: the need to enforce ethical corporate behaviour. LSE Management. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/management/2016/03/21/volkswagen-the-need-to-enforce-ethical-corporate-behaviour/ Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Schyns, B. and Riggio, R.E., 2016. Implicit Leadership Theories.Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, pp.1-7. Stanley, D., 2016. Leadership Theories and Styles.Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare: Values into Action, pp.25-46. The Globe and Mail. 2017. The Volkswagen emissions scandal: A case study in corporate misbehaviour. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com

Supervision And Consultation Scenarios Essay Example

Supervision And Consultation Scenarios Essay Mara is divorcee of 36 suffering form quite depression has gone to a physiotherapist for consultation. She was migrated form Nigeria at her mid twenty and got marriage a Nigerian people in US. Due to physical and mental abuse by the husband she sees divorce. She has two children belongs with her, lived in a small apartment. By profession she was a Medical Technician. By birth she was a Nigerian. But it is not clear in the given scenario what was her believe of faith. Religion Faith is also a vital factor for the supervision of a Mental Health Patient. But the description we cannot get any picture of his faith. In this dilemma, it is mentioned that the husband physically and mentally abused. But they’re not an indication the nature of Mara’s abuse, which is required for providing therapy. It is a common scenario of every two American marriages now ends in divorce and one in every five people will be blindsided by depression at some point in their life.   When we put these statistics side by side and take into consideration the negative thinking and behavior typical of depression, it’s no surprise that there’s a strong connection between the natures of torture and the gaining of the depression. We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Mara sought professional help, the divorce might well take a dive.   But what makes her illness such a lethal weapon is its talent for camouflage.   She slide into depression has no idea what’s the matter with her, so she assigns blame for the way she feels to the people closest to her.   Her non-depressed partners, equally in the dark as to the real cause of what looks like a personality change for the worse, react to the barrage of criticism and resentment coming their way by responding in kind. The ultimate result is the unnecessary failure of a lot of otherwise good relationships. After taking the Depression to Janet Thomas bone up on depression of Mara probably be surprised to learn that anger is more typical of depression than silent sadness, she need to overcome the incensed denial   â€Å"What, she depressed? She must be crazy!   Her partner is likely to proclaim. Janet work to encourage her to seek professional help. But we cannot stay clear of complaints about situation, criticism and selfishness and focus instead on depression’s physical symptoms, such as insomnia and loss of appetite and energy. But it’s also very important to protect her from the heavy-duty emotional wear and tear that inevitably results from living with someone else’s depression. Trying to keep persuading her over months of misery that Janet can hang in there until treatment is accepted and works its magic can be discouraging and exhausting. Analyzing the supervisory and Consultative Presented to the depression sufferers, surveying a familiar landscape and finding it lifeless and assume that their lack of pleasure is a sign of boredom and signals the need for change. Mara at the unwarranted and seemingly inexplicable treatment meted out to her by the supervisor and Consultant they love, respect, and thought they knew well. Evaluation the Effectiveness: John Gonsiorek is a of faculty member at Capella University with 25 years of practice he has vast experience in supervision and consultation activities. Janet Thomas is in Private Practice at Paul, Minnesota. He is providing supervision and consultation in the field of mental health. He is also efficient in Clinical supervision and consultation as well as ethics. To comment on their effectiveness and therapy and professionalism, first let we indicates the standard Responsibility of the Consultant and Supervisor to the Client, simultaneously we point out, which of them are followed and which are not. RESPONSIBILITY OF CONSULTANTS TOWARD CLIENTS: This section refers to practices and measures of individual and/or group consulting relationships. Herein client† is defined as: the person(s) coming to a consultant for guidance or information in order to help an individual involved in a cultic relationship. When the client decides to pursue an intervention aimed at helping the concerned person revaluate his or her commitment to the group practicing thought reform, the involved person becomes the primary client. A. General Standards for the Consulting Relationship 1) The Consultants primary commitment is to respect the integrity and promote the welfare of the client(s), whether the client(s) is (are) assisted individually or in a group relationship. 2) When working with clients, a subscribing consultant avoids prejudice due to race, religion, sex, political affiliation, social or economic status, or choice of lifestyle. 3) If a Consultant cannot put forward service for any reason, he or she will make appropriate to a referrals as soon as possible. 4) The consultant will not use his or her consulting relationship for personal needs or to further religious, political, or business interests. 5) The consultant will not employ methods or techniques such as neuron- linguistics programming, hypnosis or Ericksonian hypnosis or other techniques similar to those employed by cult groups without fully informed permission of the client. 6) Consultants recognize their boundaries of competence and provide only those services for which they are qualified by training or experience. Consultants should only accept those cases for which they are qualified. 7) The consulting relationship have to be one in which client self-direction is encouraged. The consultant must sustain this role constantly and not become a decision-maker for the client or create within the client a future dependency on the consultant. 8)The Human Services field is fitting increasingly complex and specialized. Some thought reform consultants are able to deal with every alternative problem, and many possible clients have difficulty determining the competence of thought reform consultants. Selecting one is difficult because of the lack of knowledge about pertinent qualifications. In some cases, stress itself may impair judgment. 9) The consultant must notify the client of the purposes, goals, a rule of procedure and limitations that may affect the relationship at or before the time the consulting relationship is begun. 10) Before an intervention can be initiated, subscribing consultants and client(s) must agree on the definition of the problem, the goals of the intervention, and the range of possible consequences. 11) The consultant must update the concerned party that should a client be prevented from leaving the site of the consultation or physically restrained in any manner. 12) Obtaining the clients, a consultant may choose to consult with any other professionally competent person about a client or aspects of the situation. If the client refuses to allow consultant to seek outside consultation when the consultant deems such consultation necessary, the consultant should consider terminating with that client. 13) The consultant is engaged in individual or group consulting, he should be cognizant of mental health resources available. 14) Ethical behavior along with professional associates, including consultants subscribing to these ethical standards and those not subscribing, must be expected at all times. When information is possessed that raises doubt as to the ethical behavior of professional colleagues, whether the consultants or peer consultants, the member should take action to attempt to rectify such a condition. Such action shall use the procedures established by these ethical standards. 15) The consultant must have a high degree of self-awareness of his or her own values, knowledge, skills, limitations, and needs in towards the inside a helping relationship that involves decision-making capacity and critical thinking skills, and that the centre of attention of the relationship should be on the issues to be resolved and not on the person(s) presenting the problem. 16) A dual relationships with clients that might make worse the consultants objectivity and professional judgment must be avoided and/or the consulting relationship terminated through referral to another competent professional. 17) The consultants do not condone or connect in sexual harassment, which is defined as deliberate comments, or physical contacts of a sexual nature. 18) The consultant will avoid any type of sexual contact with clients. Sexual relationships with clients are unethical and are forbidden. 19) When the consultant concludes that he or she cannot be of professional assistance to the client, the consultant must terminate the relationship. 20) A consultant has an obligation to withdraw from a consulting relationship if it is supposed that employment will result in violation of the Ethical Standards. 21) The consultants come across a situation in that is appropriate ethical behavior is not clear, they should seek the advice from knowledgeable persons. B. Confidentiality and Records: 1) The Records of the consulting relationship including interview notes, family internal information, correspondence, tape recordings, electronic data storage, and other documents are to be considered confidential information. Disclosure to others of such material must happen only upon the expressed written consent of the client. 2) The data derived from a consulting relationship for purposes of consultant training or research shall be confined to content that can be disguised to protect the identity of the subject client without written permission of the client is obtained. C. Financial Matters 1) The consultant recognizes the significance of clear understandings on financial matters with clients. Arrangements for payments are settled at the beginning of the consultation relationship. The consultant should provide a written and dated schedule of fees to potential clients. 2) For establishing fees for professional services, the consultants must consider the financial standing of clients and her family. Established fee structure is inappropriate for a client, consultants are encouraged to support families in finding appropriate and available services at satisfactory cost. 3) The consultant should neither offer nor accept payment for referrals, and will vigorously seek all significant information from the source of referral. In the given scenario, as a Consultant Supervisor Janet Thomas and Consultant’s consultant John Gonsiorek have successfully followed General Standards for the Consulting Relationship but they are failed to keep their evidence of effectiveness and professionalism in Confidentiality Records and financial maters. Better Approach That Work with More Effectiveness In the Case of Mara, as Nigerian migrant, her family member was not in US. There were no adiqute friends and relation for her mental support. Financial scarcity, losing insurance support and lacking of knowledge about state provided services, job uncertainty, physical and emotional abused by the husband and finally the divorce caused her depression. In my consideration for Mara the Evidence-Based Practices should bring better outcomes. Evidence-Based Practices has been reached through the methodical review of thousands of studies with combination of new statistical techniques and the judgment of expert reviewers. Agencies for Healthcare Research and Quality in the United States and the Cochrane Collaboration have recognized principles for determining the effectiveness of treatments. These include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Randomized clinical trials improve the validity of underlying conclusions,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Replication of results in multiple settings improves the validity of results for actual practice,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Constancy of findings builds confidence Evidence can be ranked in terms of validity, clinical confidence, and expert judgments. Examples of evidence-based mental health practices are available in the Cochrane Library, in reviews commissioned by AHRQ from the Evidence-Based Practice Centers, and in professional associations clinical practice guidelines One of the most recent reference documents is Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General The way of conducting systematic Evidence-Based Practice includes:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of objectives and eligibility criteria,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Identification of (all) potentially eligible studies,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Application of eligibility criteria,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Use of unbiased procedures for extracting data,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Critical appraisal,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Assembly of the most complete data set feasible,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Analysis of the data set, using statistical sensitivity analyses,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Preparation of a structured report. The statistical set of methods used in the process of systematic review. This called meta-analysis and it has become a science in the last decade. The new statistical techniques allow for combining data in ways, which allow assessment of effect sizes and of the level of confidence in the reliability of the conclusions. The researchers conducting these systematic reviews in most structured form as follows:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Design and pilot testing of data extraction forms so as to ensure the standardization of the data extracted from each study,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Selection of studies for review based upon explicit eligibility criteria and agreed upon by more than one reviewer,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Assessment of inter-ratter reliability in extracting the data from studies,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When possible, blinding of observers to authors, institutions, and journals,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Data extraction and quality assessment by more than one observer,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Careful assessment of biases in studies, including treatment allocation biases, blinding, and handling of patient attrition,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Listing excluded studies, along with reasons for the exclusions,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     This methodology, as in other scientific endeavours, is designed to allow readers to evaluate the methods, and to allow others to try to replicate the findings, of the review. There are two groups of mental health patients of particular concern as regards public-sector policy in the United States. Patterns of accountability, governance, financing and responsibility for mental health services have been changing the public mental health system and public mental health authorities now serve most population groups. No one agency is accountable for all services and resources.

Free Essays on Differences Of Islam And Christianity

are found in the Nicene Creed, which are basically the beliefs of Christianity summarized into a prayer. Christians believe in salvation, which is the forgiveness of sins by God to us, which saves us from eternal damnation in Hell. The Bible is the Holy Book of Christianity and is believed to be without error. The... Free Essays on Differences Of Islam And Christianity Free Essays on Differences Of Islam And Christianity Two of the main religions that existed in Southeast Asia are Christianity and Islam. These two religions are thought of as very similar in their ideas and shares many different practices as well. Christianity and Islam referred to as â€Å"Abramic religions† for the reason that these religions revere Abraham and consider him as a major prophet in there respected religions. Christianity and Islam share a common thing in their thoughts of life wherein they have to live a good life, a respectable life, and one of good and not evil. Nevertheless, these religions also have many differences on their ways and beliefs which set their identities and distinctiveness with each other. One is their belief about the divinity of Jesus Christ. But what is certain with these two religions is that both of them are extremely large. They are the two biggest and widest religions not only in Southeast Asia but in the whole world and they are still on the rise. It is averaged that there are 750 mill ion people practicing Islam, and another 1 billion practicing Christianity. Together, they make up about 53% of the worlds population wherein 33% of the worlds population are Christians while 20% are Islamic. Basically, the word Christian means â€Å"Believer in Christ†. A Christian is a person who accepts God, accepts Jesus, and accepts the words of the Gospel. Jesus is believed to be to be the Savior of the world and the Son of God. In fact he is believed to be God himself. He is believed to be the only Son of God, born of the Virgin Mary, executed, died, descended into hell, ascended into heaven to be seated on the right hand of the father. These words are found in the Nicene Creed, which are basically the beliefs of Christianity summarized into a prayer. Christians believe in salvation, which is the forgiveness of sins by God to us, which saves us from eternal damnation in Hell. The Bible is the Holy Book of Christianity and is believed to be without error. The...

Facts About Pygmy Seahorses

Facts About Pygmy Seahorses The common pygmy seahorse or Bargibants seahorse is one of the tiniest known vertebrates. This seahorse was named after the scuba diver who discovered the species in 1969 while collecting specimens for the Noumea Aquarium in New Caledonia. This tiny, expert camouflage artist thrives among gorgonian corals in the genus Muricella, which they hang on to using their long  prehensile tail. Gorgonian corals are more commonly known as a sea fan or sea whip.   Description Bargibants seahorses have a maximum length of 2.4 cm, which is less than 1 inch. They have a short snout and fleshy body, with many tubercles that help them blend into the knobby setting of the coral. On their head, they have a spine above each eye and on each cheek. There are two known color morphs of the species: pale grey or purple with pink or red tubercles, which are found on gorgonian coral Muricella plectana, and yellow with orange tubercles, which are found on gorgonian coral Muricella paraplectana. The color and shape of this seahorse nearly perfectly matches the corals on which it lives. Check out a  video  of these tiny seahorses to experience their incredible ability to blend in with their surroundings. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: GasterosteiformesFamily: SyngnathidaeGenus: HippocampusSpecies: bargibanti This pygmy seahorse is one of 9 known species of pygmy seahorse. Due to their amazing camouflage ability and tiny size, many pygmy seahorse species have only been discovered over the past 10 years, and more may be discovered. In addition, many species have different color morphs, making identification even more difficult. Feeding Not much is known about this species, but they are thought to feed on tiny crustaceans, zooplankton and possibly the tissue of the corals on which they live. Like larger seahorses, food moves through their digestive system quickly so they need to eat nearly constantly. Food also needs to be located close by, as seahorses cant swim very far. Reproduction It is thought that these seahorses may be monogamous. During courting, males change color and get a females attention by shaking his head and flapping its dorsal fin. Pygmy seahorses are ovoviviparous, but unlike most animals, the male carries the eggs, which are contained in an on his underside. When mating occurs, the female transfers her eggs into the males pouch, where he fertilizes the eggs. About 10-20 eggs are carried at one time. The gestation period  is about 2 weeks. The young hatch looking like even tinier, mini seahorses. Habitat and Distribution Pygmy seahorses live on gorgonian  corals off Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines, in water depths of about 52-131 feet. Conservation Pygmy seahorses are listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List  due to lack of published data on population sizes or trends for the species.   Sources Feng, A. 2009. Pygmy Seahorses. Fusedjaw.com. Accessed January 30, 2016.Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999. Seahorses: an identification guide to the worlds species and their conservation. Project Seahorse, London. 214 p. In Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2015.FishBase(10/2015) .  Accessed January 30, 2016.McGrouther, M. Pygmy Seahorse, . Australian Museum. Accessed January 30, 2016.bargibantiHippocampus Whitley, 1970Project Seahorse. 2003.  Hippocampus bargibanti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T10060A3158205. Accessed January 30, 2016.Stockton, N. 2014. Baby Pygmy Seahorses Are Even Cuter Than You Think. Wired. Accessed January 30, 2016.

Evaluation of Educational Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of Educational Programs - Essay Example Other schools rule out students from justice system for children so as to avoid educating the students with special needs who could gain from remaining in school if these educators could have recognized the potentials and address their mental, behavioral, emotional, and development needs. Violation of the rights of students under the act of disabled individuals to get free education is an indirect effort to re-segregate schools through ruling out students based on their culture, ethnicity, linguistic traits and disabilities. It is a high time for schools which do not implement the zero reject placement to start adopting this policy. Faulty lies are not in act of disabled individuals but in systems with inadequate capacities and poor administrative skills. The disabled individual act requires all disabled students to be located in their respective district schools and make sure that they get free and suitable public education. Under this law no child should be denied public education irrespective of his or her disability. The state was to satisfy the provision of free education to the students with disabilities, giving them personalized instructions accompanied with proper supporting services allowing the disabled student to gain educationally using the instructions. These services and instruction were to meet educational regulations as provided by the state. They were to be made available at the expense of the public and be closely similar to grade levels applied in normal education. The instructions were to be formulated in agreement with the Act of disabled individual and in case educating a child in a normal classroom, the instructions were to be carefully looked into to allow a child to acquire the average marks and progress from one level to another. Additionally, the cost of educating a highly retarded student was too high because it required a lot of effort and many educational staff members; the population of highly retarded students was very small as c ompared with whole population of students; the educational advancement of the highly retarded students was very slow compared with other students' progress. Therefore, maximizing total satisfaction would fail following the above positions, through provision of special education to highly retarded students. Alternatively, the positions above would advise the usage of special needs funds on educating other children (Turnbull, A., Turnbull, R., & Wehmeyer, 2010). Least selective environment placement The second placement is least selective environment: this is where the disabled students should be taught by the non disabled students and should gain access to curriculum. The classrooms which contain both the non disabled and the disabled students should provide appropriate and useful environment for students who have disabilities. Moreover, normal students should know that the incapacitated learners are worthy individuals in the classrooms. It is evident that if the disabled students ar e involved in typical education, they can develop and learn more. A particular student with disability may be ignored from the typical curriculum due to the degree of his or her disability; the act of disabled individuals enables the student to get services whether from outside or inside the typical education. The educators' lack of capacity and will are the two things that limit them from following this principle. The act of individuals who have disabil

Role of Human Resources in Managing Change Essay

Role of Human Resources in Managing Change - Essay Example Regulations by the government are another major cause of organizational change. When the government imposes new regulations, it may have an impact on the operations of a company. For example, the government could enforce new procedures for safety in factories, forcing the organization to modify their process of production to comply with the new regulations (Change Management Learning Centre 1996). Another example of a regulation that may warrant transformation is if the government mandates organizations dealing in consumer goods to enforce more measures for quality control of the consumers’ safety. These changes warrant a transformation in the modes of operation in the organization. Another cause of revolution in the organization is increased competition. New entrants into the market could, for example, create an influx of competition, causing pre-existing organizations to implement change in their marketing strategies (Kim & Hong 2006). An example of this is when, say a big r etail store opens in an area where a small one has existed primarily over a long period; the small store could change their marketing strategies. This, the store owners have to do in a way that increases the appeal to customers over the newly opened store. The final cause of change is the desire of an organization to grow. Stagnation is a cause of concern in any business or company, and could be detrimental to any positive progress by the company. Therefore, organizations that wish to grow have to change their operation tactics (Change Management Learning Centre 1996; Steir 1999). One of the ways in which this is achieved is through franchising the organization operations to...This paper discusses the role of human resources in organizational change. The discussion will look at the possible catalysts for change in the organization, resistance to the change from within the organization, and finally the part that the HR plays in the implementation of changes. The world today has creat ed a situation whereby, the systems that govern the operations of organizations are constantly changing. As productivity increases, there has been an evolution in the world of technology, sometimes creating the need for organizations to adjust and adopt the use of certain kinds of technology to avoid lagging behind. With a constantly evolving society and fluctuating demand for products and services, whether new or pre-existing, it is mandatory that organizations change their mode of operation if they are to remain competitive. It is survival for the fittest, as the organizations that remain most dynamic and receptive to change are the ones that continue to flourish in the market. Several factors may lead to a situation where the business re-evaluates its dealings. The first factor that acts as a catalyst for change in the organization is the change in, or introduction of, new and efficient technology. As productivity increases, there has been an evolution in the world of technology, sometimes creating the need for organizations to adjust and adopt the use of certain kinds of technology to avoid lagging behind. The process of change occurs in several manageable stages, in which incorporating the HR save the top management great deals of confusion and resistance.

Tuberculosis Undergraduate Essay Example for Free

Tuberculosis Undergraduate Essay Abstract Tuberculosis is a good example of the importance of the ecological balance between host and parasite in infectious disease. Hosts are not usually aware of pathogens that invade the body and are defeated. If defenses fail, however, hosts become very much aware of the resulting disease. Several factors may affect host resistance levels—the presence of other illness and physiological and environmental factors such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and stress. Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacillus. Only very fine particles containing one to three bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. I. Introduction Tuberculosis is or TB is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. The most common form is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slender, rod-like bacterium commonly called the tubercle bacillus. The tubercle bacillus is very hardy, surviving when many other bacteria cannot. In addition to affecting the lungs, tuberculosis can affect almost all other organs of the body. Tuberculosis, which in the past called phthisis and consumption, has afflicted man for thousands of years. Evidence of the disease has been found in Egyptian mummies. Tuberculosis was once a leading cause of death in all age groups, but its severity has decreased with improved medical care and better living standards. Most persons have a natural resistance to the tubercle bacillus. Even though large numbers of persons, especially in cities, become infected by the bacillus early in life, only a small percentage actually develops the disease (Orrett Shurland, 2001). This paper intent to: (1) know the occurrence of tuberculosis and how it is being spread; (2) be aware of its symptoms and detection and; (3) figure out its treatment and control. II. Background Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slender rod and an obligate aerobe. The rods grow slowly (20-hour generation time), sometimes form filaments and tend to grow in clumps. On the surface liquid media, their growth appears moldlike, which suggested the genus name Mycobacterium, from the Greek mykes, meaning fungus. These bacteria are relatively resistant to normal staining procedures. When stained by the ZiehlNeelson or Kinyoun technique that stains the cell with carbolfuchsin dye, they cannot be decolorized with a mixture of acid and alcohol and are therefore classified as acid-fast. This characteristic reflects the unusual composition of the cell wall, which contains large amounts of lipid materials (American Thoracic Society, 2000). These lipids might also be responsible for the resistance of mycobacteria to environmental stresses, such as drying. In fact, these bacteria can survive for weeks in dried sputum and are very resistant to chemical antimicrobials used as antiseptics and disinfectants. Tuberculosis is a good example of the importance of the ecological balance between host and parasite in infectious disease. Hosts are not usually aware of pathogens that invade the body and are defeated. If defenses fail, however, hosts become very much aware of the resulting disease. Several factors may affect host resistance levels—the presence of other illness and physiological and environmental factors such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and stress (Weiss, 2000). Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the tubercle bacilli reach the lungs, where they are usually phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli. The macrophages of a healthy individual usually destroy the bacilli. If they do not, the macrophages actually protect the microbe from the chemical and immunological defenses of the body, and many of the bacilli survive and multiply within the macrophage (American Thoracic Society, 2000). These macrophages eventually lyse, releasing an increased number of pathogens. The tubercle bacilli released from dying macrophages form a lesion. A hypersensitivity reaction against these organisms causes formation of a tubercle, which effectively walls off the pathogen. These small lumps are characteristics of tuberculosis and give the disease its name. Tubercles are composed of packed masses of tissue cells and the disintegration products of bacilli and leukytes; they usually have a necrotic center. Few bacteria are present in the tubercle (Diehl, 2003). The tubercle bacillus does not produce any injurious toxins. Tissue damage is mostly from the hypersensitivity reaction. As the reaction continues, the tubercle undergoes necrosis and eventually forms a caseous lesion that has a cheeselike consistency. If the caseous lesions heal, they become are called Ghon complexes. If the disease is not arrested at this point, the caseous lesions progress to liquefaction. An air-filled tuberculous cavity is formed from the caseous lesion. Conditions within the cavity favor the proliferation of the tubercle bacillus, which then grows for the first time extracellularly. Bacilli soon reach very large members, and eventually the lesion ruptures, releasing the microorganisms into the blood and lymphatic system (American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000). This condition of rapidly spreading infection that overwhelms the body’s remaining defenses is called miliary tuberculosis (the name is derived from the numerous millet seed-sized tubercles formed in the infected tissues). This condition leads to a progressive disease characterized by loss of weight, coughing (often with a show of blood), and general loss of vigor. (At one time, tuberculosis was commonly was known as consumption.) Even when patients are considered cured, tubercle bacilli often remain in the lung, and the disease may be reactivated. Reactivation may be precipitated by old age, poor nutrition, or immunosuppression. III. Discussion A. Occurrence and Spread When a person with tuberculosis coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing thousands of tubercle bacilli are sprayed into the air. The disease is spread when non-infected persons inhale the bacilli thus released into the air. A person can also contract tuberculosis by drinking unpasteurized milk from cows having the disease. This form of tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. Resistance to tuberculosis depends largely upon the general health of the individual. Persons who are undernourished or weakened by disease are more likely to develop tuberculosis. Outbreaks tend to occur in areas with crowded living conditions, such as nursing homes and prisons (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). About 90 percent of tuberculosis infections occur first in the lungs. Tuberculosis of the lungs is called pulmonary tuberculosis. When tubercle bacilli are inhaled into the lungs, they are either destroyed by white blood cells or surrounded by special cells and fibers in the infected area of the lung, forming tiny nodules called tubercles. If the immune system is effective, the bacteria are kept from multiplying and an active case of tuberculosis does not develop. In some cases, however, the bacteria enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and are carried to other parts of the body. The bacteria usually lodge in the brain, kidneys, bones, or heart (Murray, 2000). B. Symptoms and Detection Early pulmonary tuberculosis commonly gives no specific warning. Later, fatigue, weight loss, or a low fever may be the only symptoms. In advanced stages, severe coughing, hoarseness, chest pain and the appearance of blood in the sputum (a mixture of saliva and discharges from the respiratory passages) can occur. If the patient is untreated and his resistance is low, large areas of lung tissue can be destroyed and there is considerable weight loss. The best way of detecting infection by tubercle bacilli is by means of a tuberculin test. In a tuberculin test, tuberculin—a liquid containing substance obtained from tubercle bacilli—is injected between the layers of the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, the point of injection is examined for redness and swelling (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). A tuberculin test will reveal whether a person has been infected by tubercle bacilli, but it will not indicate whether he has an active case of the disease. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis can usually be made by a chest X ray and other tests. Diseased areas of the lungs usually cast a characteristic shadow on the X-ray film. Another method of diagnosis involves a microscopic examination of the patient’s sputum for the presence of tubercle bacilli (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). C. Treatment and Control Prior to 1945, practically the only methods for treating tuberculosis were prolonged bed rest and (in advanced cases) immobilization of the infected lung by collapsing it. Since the time, drugs have been produced that can stop the tubercle bacilli from multiplying, thus allowing the natural defenses of the body to be effective. The most important of these drugs are streptomycin (INH). In addition, improved surgical techniques permit the safe removal of areas of the lung where infection persists despite treatment with drugs (American Thoracic Society, 2000). Most important in tuberculosis control is early detection, so that persons with the disease can be treated and isolated from others. A vaccine known as BCG can create immunity to tuberculosis. However, in the United States this vaccine is recommended only in special circumstances. One reason is that vaccinated persons react positively to a tuberculin test and therefore cannot be differential from infected persons. D. Planning and Goals The major goals for the patient include maintenance of a patient airway, increased knowledge about the disease and treatment regimen and adherence to the medication regimen, increased activity tolerance, and absence of complications. E. Nursing Interventions a.) Promoting Airway Clearance Copious secretions obstruct the airways in many patients with TB and interfere with adequate gas exchange. Increasing fluid intake promotes systematic hydration and serves as an effective expectorant. The nurse instructs the patient about correct positioning to facilitate airway drainage (Diehl, 2003). b.) Advocating Adherence to Treatment Regimen The multiple- medication regimen that a patient must follow can be quite complex. Understanding the medications, schedule, and side effects is important. The patient must understand that TB is a communicable disease and that taking medications is the most effective means of preventing transmission. The major reason treatment fails is that patients do not take their medications regularly and for the prescribed duration. The nurse carefully instructs the patient about important hygiene measures, including mouth care, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of tissues, and hand hygiene (Diehl, 2003). c.) Promoting Activity and Adequate Nutrition Patients with TB are often deliberated from a prolonged chronic illness and impaired nutritional status. The nurse plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength. Anorexia, weight loss, and malnutrition are common in patients with TB. The patient’s willingness to eat may be altered by fatigue from excessive coughing, sputum production, chest pain, generalized debilitated state, or cost, if the person has few resources. A nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals may be required. Liquid nutritional supplements may assist in meeting basic caloric requirements (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). F. Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications a.) Malnutrition This may be a consequence of the patient’s lifestyle, lack of knowledge about adequate nutrition and its role in health maintenance, lack of resources, fatigue, or lack of appetite because of coughing and mucus production. To counter the effects of these factors, the nurse collaborates with dietitian, physician, social worker, family, and patient to identify strategies to ensure an adequate nutritional intake and availability of nutritious food. Identifying facilities that provide meals in the patient’s neighborhood may increase the likelihood that the patient with limited resources and energy will have access to a more nutritious intake (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). High-calorie nutritional supplements may be suggested as a strategy for increasing dietary intake using food products normally found in the home. Purchasing food supplements may be beyond the patient’s budget, but a dietitian can help develop recipes to increase calorie intake despite minimal resources. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, persons infected with tuberculosis develop cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium. This form of immune response, rather than humoral immunity, is because the pathogen is located mostly within macrophages. This immunity, involving sensitized T cells, is the basis for the tuberculin skin test. In this test, a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tuberculosis bacterium, derived by precipitation from broth cultures, is injected continuously. If the injected person has been infected with tuberculosis in the past, sensitized T cells react with these proteins and a delayed hypersensitivity reactions appears in about 48 hours. This reaction appears as an induration (hardening) and reddening of the area around the injection site. Probably the most accurate tuberculin test is the Mantoux test, in which dilutions of 0.1 ml of antigen are injected and the reacting area of the skin is measured. A number of similar tests are also in common use. A positive tuberculin test in the very young is a probable indication of an active case of tuberculosis. In older persons, it might indicate only hypersensitivity resulting from a previous infection or vaccination, not a current active case. Nonetheless, it is an indication that further examination is needed, such as a chest X-ray for the detection of lung lesions and attempts to isolate the bacterium. References: 1. American Thoracic Society (2000). Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161 (4), 1376-1395. 2. American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent infection. American Journal of respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161 (4), S221-S247. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). Essential components of a tuberculosis prevention and control program: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Modibity and Mortality Weekly Report, 44 (RR-11), 1-16. 4. Diehl, H. S. (2003). The Health of College Students. American Council on Education. Washington, DC. 5. Murray, J. F. (2000). Intensive Care: A Doctors Journal. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 6. Orrett, Fitzroy A. Shurland, Simone M. (2001).Knowledge and Awareness of Tuberculosis among Pre-University Students in Trinidad Journal of Community Health, Vol. 26. 7. Weiss, R. â€Å"TB troubles.† Science News 133:92-93, 2000. Discusses reasons for the recent increase in tuberculosis in the United States.

New commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured Ess

New commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured as a Limited Liability Corporation. Joe's is being considered as a potential business investment, "Business Venture Capital". Buying an existing business can be an excellent way to become a business owner or to expand your present business. You can save time and effort of building a customer and supplier base. You may also avoid the trouble of locating equipment and hiring and training employees. However, you should abide by the Latin slogan which translates "Let the buyer beware." If you are not careful, acquiring an existing business can lead to disaster. (Poznak, 1998) Joe's Landscaping and Tree Trimming (Joe's) began as a small sole proprietorship. In efforts to expand and become a company that investors would be interested in, the company has ventured into new commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured as a Limited Liability Corporation. Joe's is being considered as a potential business investment, however, after reviewing the requirements of the legal due diligence process, it is my recommendation that an investment is not made into Joe's. In the third quarter of 2002, investors pumped $4.5 billion into 647 entrepreneurial companies, a decrease of 26% from the prior quarter, which saw $6 billion of funding to 838 startups. While IT startups consistently gain venture capitalists' attention, software companies continue to gather the largest amounts of cash despite a 10% drop in funding from the prior quarter. Representing 22% of total investment dollars, 180 software companies got funding, totaling $993 million. "Software is once again leading VC back to its roots, being the largest category in all of 2 but the last 10 years," says Tracy Lefteroff, global managing partner of the venture-capital practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers. He says that software companies are a safer bet for investors, as they have lower initial capital requirements and early milestones for achievements. (www.informationweek.com) While startups at all stages are struggling in this down market, the stakes are highest for new companies who want to gain first-time funding. Only 159 entrepreneurs received first-time funding in the third quarter, compared with 214 in the second quarter. Software startups took 30% of that money. Overall, the tightened i... ...ele. Since more revenue dollars are used for labor expenses, it is imperative that management maximizes the productivity they get out of their employees. (www.asbdc.com) It is imperative to mitigate major risks when considering investment opportunities. Potential liabilities are often over looked in the excitement of the investment opportunity. Liability claims from hazardous working conditions and potential environmental concerns makes Joe's a risky investment. More research needs to be done to ensure the company is utilizing environmentally safe products, tools, and is creating opportunities to produce safer materials and processes. References Arkansas Small Business Development Center. (2003, April). Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.asbdc.ualr.edu/bizfacts/8002.asp Cuneo, E. C. (2002, October). More Venture Capitalists Keep Their Wallets Closed. Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.informationweek.com/story/IWK20021028S0010?ls=TW_012803_fea&fb=20030128_software Poznak, J. L. (1998, August). Buying a business: Let the buyer beware. Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.keepmedia.com/ShowItemDetails.do?itemID=203222&extID=10032&oliID=213 New commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured Ess New commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured as a Limited Liability Corporation. Joe's is being considered as a potential business investment, "Business Venture Capital". Buying an existing business can be an excellent way to become a business owner or to expand your present business. You can save time and effort of building a customer and supplier base. You may also avoid the trouble of locating equipment and hiring and training employees. However, you should abide by the Latin slogan which translates "Let the buyer beware." If you are not careful, acquiring an existing business can lead to disaster. (Poznak, 1998) Joe's Landscaping and Tree Trimming (Joe's) began as a small sole proprietorship. In efforts to expand and become a company that investors would be interested in, the company has ventured into new commercial landscaping technological processes and restructured as a Limited Liability Corporation. Joe's is being considered as a potential business investment, however, after reviewing the requirements of the legal due diligence process, it is my recommendation that an investment is not made into Joe's. In the third quarter of 2002, investors pumped $4.5 billion into 647 entrepreneurial companies, a decrease of 26% from the prior quarter, which saw $6 billion of funding to 838 startups. While IT startups consistently gain venture capitalists' attention, software companies continue to gather the largest amounts of cash despite a 10% drop in funding from the prior quarter. Representing 22% of total investment dollars, 180 software companies got funding, totaling $993 million. "Software is once again leading VC back to its roots, being the largest category in all of 2 but the last 10 years," says Tracy Lefteroff, global managing partner of the venture-capital practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers. He says that software companies are a safer bet for investors, as they have lower initial capital requirements and early milestones for achievements. (www.informationweek.com) While startups at all stages are struggling in this down market, the stakes are highest for new companies who want to gain first-time funding. Only 159 entrepreneurs received first-time funding in the third quarter, compared with 214 in the second quarter. Software startups took 30% of that money. Overall, the tightened i... ...ele. Since more revenue dollars are used for labor expenses, it is imperative that management maximizes the productivity they get out of their employees. (www.asbdc.com) It is imperative to mitigate major risks when considering investment opportunities. Potential liabilities are often over looked in the excitement of the investment opportunity. Liability claims from hazardous working conditions and potential environmental concerns makes Joe's a risky investment. More research needs to be done to ensure the company is utilizing environmentally safe products, tools, and is creating opportunities to produce safer materials and processes. References Arkansas Small Business Development Center. (2003, April). Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.asbdc.ualr.edu/bizfacts/8002.asp Cuneo, E. C. (2002, October). More Venture Capitalists Keep Their Wallets Closed. Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.informationweek.com/story/IWK20021028S0010?ls=TW_012803_fea&fb=20030128_software Poznak, J. L. (1998, August). Buying a business: Let the buyer beware. Retrieved June 23, 2004, from http://www.keepmedia.com/ShowItemDetails.do?itemID=203222&extID=10032&oliID=213

Descriptive Essay Beach

Miranda Poole 2/3/13 English 101 Descriptive Essay The Beach: A Relaxing Wonderland It is spring break, in the middle of March, my junior year. As I cross the state line into Florida, I picture the ocean as being a place of peace and serenity. It’s my first time visiting the ocean, and all I can think about is hoping it is as beautiful as the pictures I have seen of it. As I arrive to the beach with all my friends, the eagerness of seeing this peaceful place is rising. I can’t wait to smell the fresh salty air, feel the soft sand between my toes, walk along the breezy shoreline.As we approach the beach, the first thing I notice is the sky. As I look into the cloudless, cerulean blue sky and see the flawlessness of life; in the distance, rolling clear-blue waves crash into each other with such force as that of football players. The sky is breathtaking along with the sounds of the waves and the tide washing onto the shore. The water reminds me of crystals shimmering in th e water with the sun reflecting off of it. As the sun sets, the sky turns into a pink hue with a bright orange sun going down into the horizon.We stroll on the beach, and my feet sink into the soft sand. I stroll along, and the grainy, slick, brown sugar sand pulls my bare feet under and leaves a perfect imprint. I pick up a handful and sift it from my palm slowly, feeling the grittiness of sand with each finger. The view down the beach of the white, but slightly brown sand was enough to make my knees go weak. The sand is such a sensational feeling between my toes and a beautiful view against the crystal blue water. The beach is a beautiful scene of peace and tranquility. Every moment is a different scene.As I sit in my chair I can see all the sights of summer; children building sand castles along the ocean's edge, to my right I observe an elderly couple enjoying a good book. The waves crash into one another, the breeze blowing from the tide, the smell of salty ocean, and the sticky air clinging onto my skin. Charging into the ocean with vigorous splendor and utter excitement, I insert my bare feet into the sea and am taken aback by the shocking coolness of the water. Bringing myself to a halt at mid-calf, I then trudge through the soft currents that splash upon my legs. An abundance of symbiotic, vibrantly olored, and variously sized fish swarm around my feet. Their bodies brush my leg with negligence as they strive to get from one place to another. I wish to stay here forever and realize, at this point, this is where I need to come for serenity and harmony, where all things seem perfect and care free. There is nowhere in the world quite like this, so peaceful and calm. The beach is a wonderland for all ages. Whether you want to have fun in the sun, or relax while reading a good book, the beach is the place to go. The beach is an unforgettable experience that one must witness in their lifetime.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management

Running head: EFFECTIVE APPROACHES IN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Marissa Krick Grand Canyon University: NRS-415V November 18, 2012 Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Many healthcare organizations worldwide are striving to achieve magnet designation. Having the magnet title is essential because it recognizes healthcare organizations that act as a â€Å"magnet† for excellence by establishing a work environment that identifies, rewards, and promotes professional nursing (ANCC Magnet Designation, 2012).A magnet hospital is considered to be one where nursing provides excellent patient care, where nurses have a high level of job satisfaction, and where there is a low staff nurse turnover rate. This paper will discuss how nursing leaders and managers obtain magnet designation. Nursing leaders and managers play an important role in attaining magnet designation and take different approaches in order to achieve such status. Obtaining magnet status is essential and highly recognized in the nursing practice today.Nurses play a vital role in patients’ and families’ overall experience and are the primary source of care and support during the most vulnerable times in an individuals’ life. At magnet hospitals, nurses are attentive and knowledgeable, spending more time at patients' bedsides providing compassionate and upmost quality of care. Managers are constantly striving to maintain quality service and patient care through the use of patient surveys in order to plan short and long term objectives in order to take appropriate actions.With the use of patient surveys, managers are able to inform their staff on areas for improvement or where to keep up the good work. Managers provide direction and motivation to their nursing unit in order to carry out desired actions and are focused on making sure that their staff are following the correct policies and procedures in order to maintain a sa fe workplace. Leadership in nursing maintains proper policies and procedures, but the main focus is on influencing staff to accomplish goals. Feature article about  Production ManagementNurse leaders inspire others to work together in quest of a shared goal, for instance, improved patient care. The nurse leader is a critical thinker, sets goals, uses effective communication, and recognizes the emotional needs of others (Roskoski, 2012). Nurse leaders carry out any changes that are to be made that have been implemented by management. Scottsdale Healthcare is an organization of magnet status and is continuously striving to find ways in which to improve patient satisfaction and quality of care.As of October 2011, Scottsdale Healthcare implemented bedside report in order increase patient satisfaction providing the patient and family knowledge in regards to their condition and plan of care in order to set goals for the patients recovery and gives them the ability to ask questions. Prior to bedside report taking effect, management gathered all employees from the unit going over what is to be expected and how bedside report was not only taking effect on our unit alone, but hospital wide.Nursing leaders knew that they had a situation at hand due to the fact that nursing staff was so comfortable in giving report at the nurses station and did not want to wake the patient or deal with a family member, but they remained positive and encouraged staff that this would dramatically change our satisfaction scores. In maintaining patient satisfaction scores, the hospital would qualify for reimbursement from Medicare. The nurse leaders were the one’s who made the transition a smooth process, as the managers just informed staff how things were going to be.The nurse leaders give others the ability to understand the vision, informing those of why they are being asked to do things, and how it relates to the bigger picture (The difference between leadership and management, 2012). In order to maintain magnet status, managers and nurse leaders must work together in order to meet the necessary requirements. With imple menting bedside report, not only have patient satisfaction scores increased, the rapport between patient and nurse and quality of care has increased as well.Organizations such as Scottsdale Healthcare are recognized for treating their employees with respect and encourage educational growth in offering tuition reimbursement. With upholding magnet status, organizations are able to keep their employees when given the ability to offer such programs. This writer has been an employee at Scottsdale Healthcare for five years now and has seen many changes take effect on the unit implemented by the nurse manager striving to increase patient satisfaction. Changes that have occurred on the unit consist of edside reporting, hourly rounding, and updated white boards for patient information, just to name a few. Within the past couple of months, patient satisfaction scores have decreased and management is not happy. The nurse managers have informed staff that if hourly rounding, bedside reporting, and updating white boards are not being completed employees will be reprimanded. The nurse managers have been going into patient rooms asking the patients if their nurse has been performing the tasks as listed above, and take it upon themselves to tell the patient that if these tasks are not being performed, then the nurse could possibly be terminated.With all the negative feedback from the managers, nurses are becoming burned out. The nurse managers want to see an increase in outcomes, but drive to do so is lacking from constant negative feedback. At the last staff meeting, we were informed that if patient outcomes did not increase, then we need to start looking for employment because there are other individuals out there that would love to have our position. On the other hand, the nurse leaders acknowledge the irritation of decreased satisfaction scores, but go above and beyond to build up morale for a positive change.Those who take the time to listen to others and incorporate way s to improve issues on the unit are considered as participatory leaders. This leadership style includes the leader and one or more employees in the decision making process (Leadership Styles, 2010). As a team, the nurse leader and employees will be able to come up with a plan on ways to improve patient satisfaction, with the nurse leader having the final say. All in all, managers and nurse leaders ultimately have the same goal; it is just the difference in approaches and how one handles stress.A nurse leader wants to provide assistance in any way possible, they are creative and remain positive, whereas, nurse managers will stay completely focused on improving situations and are more controlling not providing any assistance. This writer believes that she is a better leader than manager. Participatory leadership is this writers way of dealing with situations at hand. Effective communication and taking into consideration the feelings of others along with providing a helping hand whenev er in need is of upmost importance to this writer.A way that patient satisfaction scores could increase on the unit that this writer works on is if the managers took a different approach in how they speak to their staff creating a different vibe on the floor rather than biting your tongue every time you see their face. However, it is very possible that due to the clientele we provide care to, a lot of them suffer addiction problems and often times request more medications than what we are able to give. These unhappy patients are more than likely the ones who return the patient satisfaction surveys, therefore, resulting in poor satisfaction scores.Leadership and management play an important role in the nursing process, but their focus is different depending on the situation. Nurse managers and leaders strive for doing the right thing and doing things right. With the dramatic and rapid changes in healthcare today, possessing critical thinking, active listening, and coping skills are e ssential in the nursing workforce. Together, leaders and managers need to imagine the future and lead the way to a productive and well-organized unit with satisfied employees in order to maintain magnet status. References ANCC Magnet Designation. (2012). Meridian Health.Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. meridianhealth. com/MH/ForHealthProfessionals/NursingAtMeridian/ANCCMagnetDesignation. cfm Leadership Styles. (2010). Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadstl. html Roskoski, J. (2012). What Is Nursing Leadership?. eHow. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. ehow. com/about_6579387_nursing-leadership_. html The difference between leadership and management. (2012). Strategies for Nurse Managers. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. strategiesfornursemanagers. com/ce_detail/208037. cfm

Merkel or Woman in Politics Essay Sample

Merkel or Woman in Politics Essay Sample Woman in Politics Essay Sample Woman in Politics Essay Sample The greatest German Chancellor was born on 17 of July, 1954 in Hamburg, Germany. She was the oldest child of Kasners family children. The girl was given a name Angela Dorothea. Later on, she was joined with her brother, Marcus, and sister, Irene. Angela Merkels Life and Career Angela was raised in the provincial town of Templin that is located near to Germany’s capital, the city of Berlin. Her father was a Lutheran pastor and shared the communist ideology that dominated at that time in German Democratic Republic. Naturally, as a Lutheran pastor he enjoyed the freedoms and rights that were denied to the representatives of other confessions, even the Christianity-oriented ones. Living in GDR meant that one should have necessarily belonged to the socialist-led movements. The future European leader joined one of them, namely Free German Youth movement. For the first time her leadership skills and ambitions were realized through this organization, as she became a representative of the district board. She also actively participated in the Agitprop, the campaign aimed at promotion of youth movements. Despite little success in leadership abilities, Angela did not chose politics as her major. Instead, after finishing her studies in Templin, she entered the University of Leipzig and started to master her knowledge in physics. In 1978 she graduated and earned her doctorate. The next step in her career led to the employment at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin where she spent 2 years researching various physic-related concepts. Angela was married twice. Her first attempt was made to Ulrich Merkel, the physician, in 1977. However, it ended up with divorce five years after. In 1998 Merkel remarried to Joachim Sauer who is a professor in chemistry. The central mystery of Merkels life is her decision to enter the world of politics. She rarely refers to those vulnerable times when the Wall felt and the new opportunities opened. Perhaps, a few reasons, both external and internal forced this woman to make a decision that led to such a turning point in her life. Reflecting on the facts provided in her biography list, Packer (2014) considers that once Merkel had founded herself a single woman in her thirties employed at the East German institution with no future, she realized that for woman with her ambitions the world of politics is a new challenge. She must have realized that the politics would be the key realm in the recently united German Republic. With the reunification of Germany a lot of doors, indeed, had opened. A lot of governmental positions were offered to the representatives coming from East Germany. Merkel joined the newly formed Democratic Party. During the first democratic elections, held in East Germany, voters chose Merkel for a position of deputy spokesman for the new government. Shortly after the reunification the party, which Merkel belonged to merged with the Christian Democratic Union Party. During the first post-unification democratic elections held in the entire Germany Merkel was elected to Bundestag. A few months later Merkel was appointed as the Minister for Woman and Youth. From 1998 she occupied the position of the Minister of Environment and Reactor Safety. In 1998 Merkel became a Secretary General at CDU party. Finally, after a series of financial scandals within the party she was elected as a chair of CDU party and came to the position in 2000. Merkel has brought a range of meaningful changes to the party. First of all, she was an Ossi, e.g. coming from the East Germany. Secondly, she was a woman, a scientist with strong Lutheran views on religion. The party she was going to lead mainly consisted of conservative men with deep roots in Catholicism supported primarily by the constituencies in the southern Germany. Such a contrast helped Merkel to won the hearts of the German voters as she was considered as the main candidate for the CDU and Bavarian Christian Social Union during the general elections held in 2002. However, these elections seemed to be less favorable for Merkel than it was expected to be. She lost mainly due to the lack of support of her own party. Another party leader Eldmund Stoier undermined her positions having won the candidacy for CDU ticker, though he did not manage to won the Chancellorship. Despite the misfortunes, Merkel shortly after became a leader in the lower chamber of Bundestag. She headed the conservative opposition to the ruling government and promoted a few economic changes that were crucial for the future of German economic well-being. Among others, she advocated the deregulation policies, which could let the market laws regulate the economy. Despite strong public opposition she supported the U.S. government in invading Iraq and insisted on the necessity of building strong diplomatic and economic relationships with the American government. However, even though Merkel often shared the views that somehow contradicted to the ones of her co-citizens, the support of her never grew weaker. It eventually resulted in electing her as a Germanys first female Chancellor. She also managed to head the Grand Coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, CDU and CSU while emphasizing on the strategic importance of building strong ties with the USA, redesigning of the healthcare system in the Germany as well as on revising its taxation policies. Currently, there are no threats detected in Merkels political future. Recently, she has been re-elected as a leader of the CDU party. Nearly 97% of the voters chose her to head the party. In accordance with the political experts, there are few or none who is sufficient enough to fill Merkels shoes. The debates are now held around the question of will Merkel run again in 2017. In case she does, she will break the political record of Kohl who has led German government for 16 years. At the same time, some experts suppose that such a Merkel-addiction of CDU might have negative consequences in the future when Merkel will decide to withdraw. Merkels powerful position, though, is strongly supported by the image of the country she is in charge of. It seems that once a politician manages to keep things in order, in his or her own state, then he or she might be potentially ale to ensure peace and well-being over the entire European continent. The sky, however, has not always been as cloudless as it is now for Merkel. The challenges that Merkel had to face while climbing political mountains were of diverse character: First of all, she came from the depressing region of East Germany, which, as seemed, had no future on the contrary to the developing West Germany. In comparison with the Western politicians she was usually underscored because of her origin. Secondly, she was a woman. Even in the progressive Germany and Western Europe women had not been perceived seriously. Thirdly, despite her leadership initiatives in the youth movements Merkel had little experience in the world of politics. She was a scientist, a true one. And the latter trait, perhaps, determined her future significantly. The experts as well as observers of Merkel’s career stress that she possesses strong analytical abilities. She often views the same problem from different paradigms and perspectives. Additionally, she is extremely curious about the things surrounding her. Perhaps, such features have transformed and contributed to the success she experiences now. Reflecting on challenges that Merkel faces one should mention her role of the European leader. It is not a secret that for years she advocates the idea of creation of political union within the territory of Europe with strong economic ties in order to ensure peace, stability, development and prosperity of the nations living here. However, currently the European integrity is at the stage of stagnation due to the financial crises and overall economic problems existing within the Euro zone. Merkel, as an unofficial political leader of the united Europe is currently considering the ways out from the situation that currently prevails in Europe. Additionally, she has to ensure the united position of the EU in the Ukrainian question, which remains to be rather challenging, uncertain and hard to resolve. The unity in this regard is often undermined by the efforts of national governments, for example, the Hungarian one which acts in the contradiction with the European position as to the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Merkel is often viewed as woman with strong emotion. Indeed, she passes political decisions waiving all the emotions she has and solely with the reason switched on. Packer (2014) emphasizes that she treats politics as scientist. When she has an opinion it seems to be found and non-revisable. Every issue is approached methodically, with drawing comparisons, risk weighting, reactions anticipation etc. Even when the decision is passed Merkel sits for a while before taking action.

How to Write a Research Paper on Childhood Obesity

How to Write a Research Paper on Childhood Obesity Research Paper on Obesity How to start a research paper on childhood obesity Tips on how to start Example of outline Example of thesis Example of childhood obesity research paper introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on childhood obesity Tips on body writing Example on 1st body paragraph Example on 2nd body paragraph Example on 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision Example of revision for the 1st body paragraph How to start a research paper on childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the most-researched health issues because of its prevalence all over the world. Researching this topic, many students are unsure of how to write a research paper in an organized manner. After a writer has chosen the general topic of childhood obesity, the next step is narrowing it down further for a coherent paper. Here are some tips on how to find specific topics as well as sample outlines, thesis, and introduction. Tips on how to start To create a good research paper, the author must be aware of the following dos and don’ts. Do use scholarly resources only to ensure the validity and reliability of the references. In general, access databases of peer-reviewed journals, which usually have the most credible articles. If using sources that can be found online, select websites which end with .gov or .edu as they are typically backed up by research and/or logic. Do not use invalid sources such as those found in non-academic blogs and the like as they will discredit the value of the arguments. Furthermore, assess the soundness of the references before relying on them. Check their references if they are credible as well as the logic of their arguments. After choosing several sources, type the topic â€Å"childhood obesity† in the database and scan the articles. Look for a narrower topic and focus on it. Choose a specific topic that is personally interesting for the writing process to be motivated and not merely about making the grade. Likewise, consider the required number of pages as this will affect the scope of the study. After deciding on the specific research focus, search for more articles about the subtopic and create an annotated bibliography to summarize initial findings and synthesize information later on. Write a detailed outline and fill out the information including references. Example of an outline Below is an example of an outline on childhood obesity. I. Introduction A. Prevalence of childhood obesity in the country. B. Why is it urgent to address childhood obesity? What are its health risks? C. Research question: What are the causes and how can parents address them? II. Causes of Childhood Obesity A. Genetics. B. Poor diet. C. Low physical activity. D. Psychological factors. E. Government and school policies that affect a child’s diet and physical activity. F. Parental factors. III. Effects of Childhood Obesity A. Physical. B. Social. C. Psychological. IV. Resolutions to Childhood Obesity at Parental Levels A. Motivate healthy eating. B. Model healthy living. C. Increase physical activity. D. Lobby for school and government policies that promote healthy eating and exercise. V. Conclusion Example of a thesis Childhood obesity has potential biological and social causes, and parents should strive to respond to as many factors in order to reduce its negative effects on their children. Family adults have the power of changing the lives of their children and they should do so by being rightful role models of good health and encourage physical activity. At the same time, they can advocate for policies that encourage eating natural food and exercise. Hence, parents have vital functions to play in both preventing and resolving childhood obesity and must be proactive so that it can be stopped in their very own homes. Example of a childhood obesity research paper introduction The introduction has the following basic components. It should state the purpose of the research as well as the thesis. It should also describe how the student intends to approach the topic. Below is an example of an introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most significant health issues of the twenty-first century. Around the world, there are around 42 million of overweight children. Parents have a significant responsibility in preventing and resolving childhood obesity. The paper attempts to understand its causes and present solutions that parents can conduct. Childhood obesity has diverse possible causes including genetics and social factors with countless adverse impacts, and in order for parents to help resolve it, they require changes in their own family as well as be supportive of health policies and initiatives. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on childhood obesity Before starting writing a body notice that body writing must be organized and relevant to the thesis. Tips on body writing First, each body must connect back to the thesis. Second, every paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that has supporting ideas or arguments. Third, all sentences must flow in a systematic manner with the right transition signals, such as the words, â€Å"Subsequently† and â€Å"In connection.† Fourth, eliminate all unnecessary or unrelated information. Fifth, the last sentence should summarize the points in the paragraph and present the transition to the next idea. Example of the 1st body paragraph Here is a sample of the first body paragraph using the outline: Childhood obesity has complex and numerous causes. Genetics can make one prone to obesity. Besides genetics, a poor diet filled with sugary, fried food can increase body mass. Lack of physical activity can produce fatty tissues as well. Other factors that contribute to obesity are psychological elements, policies, and parents. Example of the 2nd body paragraph The second paragraph focuses on the effects of childhood obesity. Underneath is a sample: Several consequences result from childhood obesity. Physically, obese children are prone to medical conditions when they grow older such as fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. Socially, obese children can experience bullying and stigma. They may have problems making friends and become dissatisfied at school and life in general. Psychologically, children with obesity could suffer from low self-esteem as well as depression. Example of the 3rd body paragraph The third paragraph focuses on solutions at household levels: First, parents should motivate healthy living by discussing the benefits of natural food versus the disadvantages of fast food. Second, adults must be models of clean living by preparing and consuming foods high in protein or vitamins and minerals. Third, family members should exercise together such as walk an hour or more each day or engage in regular sports for at least 30 minutes. Fourth, voting members must lobby for school and government policies that promote healthy eating and exercise. How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing The concluding paragraph finishes the frame of the research arguments. It can start with a restated thesis. Next, it must sum up the whole essay. Also, the author should consider contextualizing the research in a broader scope to boost its relevance to the readers. Likewise, avoid introducing new topics at this point to prevent confusing readers. Furthermore, the conclusion should end with the feeling of completion or a call to action. It must have a positive note instead of a depressing sentiment. Example of conclusion Childhood obesity has potential biological and social causes, and parents should strive to respond to as many factors in order to reduce its negative effects on their children. Family adults have the power of changing the lives of their children and they should do so by being rightful role models of good health and encourage physical activity. At the same time, they can advocate for policies that encourage eating natural food and exercise. Hence, parents have vital functions to play in both preventing and resolving childhood obesity and must be proactive so that it can be stopped in their very own homes. Tips on research paper revision Revision is the last stage of research writing before submitting the final draft to your professor and for a thorough revision, here are the following tips. Remember that revising entails thinking deeply about the soundness of ideas, refining arguments, changing the order or content of paragraphs to make the flow better, and rewording awkward sentences. First, revise early. Avoid revising at the last minute as this will result in missing problems in your paper, such as incorrect spelling and grammar. Second, have breaks during revision. After revising, take an hour or even possible, a day or two, in order to have fresh eyes that are more accurate in detecting writing weaknesses. Third, read your paper out loud as this is effective in determining unclear or awkward writing. Fourth, focus on proofreading first and remove grammar and usage mistakes. Fifth, read as the audience would. Detach the self from the work and read from the perspective of the reader. Is the paper persuasive and interesting? Is there something else that can be one for it to be better? Sixth, have another person read it and respond to feedback. Seventh, apply changes, take a rest for a day or a few days if time permits, read the paper again, and do final proofreading and editing for writing problems. Example of revision for the 1st body paragraph Childhood obesity has numerous, possibly interconnected internal and external causes. Genetics can make a person prone to obesity as the DNA itself may have specific markers that increase the body’s ability to retain adipose tissues. Biological factors can make a huge difference between someone who gets fat easily and another who eats anything without gaining a pound. Besides genetics, a poor diet filled with sugary, fried food can increase body mass. Lack of physical activity can result in the accumulation of fatty tissues as well. Other factors that contribute to obesity are psychological elements, policies, and parents. They can interact and raise obesity risks, such as when a policy allows fast food inside schools, thereby encouraging eating fried foods and boosting the prevalence of obesity.