What Is Team Leadership Theory - 907 Words

Human beings are social creatures, therefore have an innate desire to be accepted as part of a group, which delivers a sense of safety and security. Once accepted into established groups, intimidation can sway individual attitudes and behavior towards conforming to group norms, resulting in discouraged creativity, and decisions void of critical thinking. Because team-based structures are popular in today’s companies, it is important for managers to understand how to avoid conformity pitfalls. When utilizing team leadership theory, managers can mitigate negative consequences that group conformity instigates, by offering a leadership style that facilitates team member autonomy, creativity, healthy debate, and openness to new ideas. Human beings innately seek community and membership. Myers and Rosenberger (2012) explain that â€Å"humans, as social creatures, look to others for affiliation† (p.14), which corresponds with Over and Carpenter’s (2009) statement that â€Å"human beings are intensely social creatures and, as such, devote significant time and energy to creating and maintaining affiliative bonds with group members† (p.F1). This intrinsic desire for group affiliation, while important in evolutionary human survival, poses concern for today’s leaders who utilize team collaboration to achieve organizational goals. In team settings, it is important for managers to understand human social dynamics, and recognize if group behavior mimicry develops. The human need to belong,Show MoreRelatedLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Functional Leadership Theory1258 Words   |  6 Pages  There are many theories about leadership. This paper will contain information on one of those theories, functional leadership theory.   This paper will define functional leadership theory and discuss one of the people that helped develop this leadership theory. It will also give some advantages and disadvantages of functional leadership theory.   Ã‚   â€Å"Are good leaders made or born?†, this is an age-old question. People can argue that either can be true.   Good leaders need many qualities to be effectiveRead MoreLeadership Style : Douglas Mcgregor s Theory X767 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of autocratic leadership in terms of the four key characteristics of the theory and the way autocratic leadership can manifest, it’s auspicious to consider the theoretical basis of the leadership style: Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. Theory X Autocratic leadership style closely rests on the assumptions made in Douglas McGregor’s Theory X. The theory explains why people behave the way they do and if they are acting in a particular way, what kind of leadership style would be beneficialRead MoreContingency Leadership Theories and Effective Leadership800 Words   |  4 PagesContingency Leadership Theories and Effective Leadership Contingency leadership theories attempt to define leadership style, the situation, and answer the if-then contingencies. Situational leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness: the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. Path-goal theory states that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide direction or support neededRead MoreA Proposal on Effective Leadership Approaches830 Words   |  3 PagesFrom: Team leader, special programs department RE: PLAN ON LEADERSHIP OF THE NEW DEPARTMENT With the recent introduction of a new department and my appointment as the team leader of the team that was put up to ensure that the company effectively enters the intended market calls for sound and sober leadership. An effective leader like me is what the team requires so that the company can be able to effectively enter the market as fast as possible. It is an urgent requirement that the team is ledRead MoreEvolution of Leadership Theories1600 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Leadership Theories Author University Leadership is, and always has been, a vital aspect of social and economic constructs. It is essential to the survival of societies, industries, organizations, and virtually any group of individuals that come together for a common purpose. However, leadership is difficult to define in a single, definitive sense. As such, theories of leadership, what constitutes a great leader, and how leaders are made have evolved constantly throughout historyRead MoreLeadership As A Leader Is A Person Or Thing Who Leads1723 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction If you could in your own words define a leader what would you say a leader was? A leader could be considered many different things depending on who you ask. According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary a leader is a person or thing who leads. That’s a pretty broad definition. Sanjiv Kumar defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Kumar, 2014). BusinessDictionary.com defines a leader as a person or thing that holds a dominant or superior positionRead MoreLeadership Theory And Leadership Theories1659 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Leadership is not about a title or a designation. It s about impact, influence and inspiration. Impact involves getting results, influence is about spreading the passion you have for your work, and you have to inspire team-mates and customers.†- Robin S. Sharma. For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried to define wha t allows authentic leaders to stand apart from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadershipRead MoreLeadership Theories And Behavior Approaches Of The Service Department Of A Global High Tech Company1578 Words   |  7 Pagesemployee low morale, I was assigned the duty to prepare a research paper that will iron out the different belief on what is right and what is wrong across the board as well as communicate information and solutions as well as provide a foundation of knowledge that will foster team spirit with peers and employees to solve these problems. This report will explore different leadership theories and behavior approaches including Tuckman’s group development model in an effort to share that information withRead MorePractice 3. Management And Employee Cooperation Are Very812 Words   |  4 Pagesis fostered constructed through leadership theories may not work in all environments which are why the managers must use a style that works for the manager and the employee. The style that is used must foster a workplace environment that builds teamwork and build on the management of the team. Three theories of leadership that may be used are transactional, transformation, and contingency. The use of the proper style may be interrelated with team building theories such as Tuckman’s, John Adairs

Kant and Deontological Theory Essay - 1226 Words

Kant and Deontological Theory Immanuel Kant was a moral philosopher. His theory, better known as deontological theory, holds that intent, reason, rationality, and good will are motivating factors in the ethical decision making process. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain major elements of his theory, its essential points, how it is used in the decision making process, and how it intersects with the teams values. While Kant’s theory may seem â€Å"overly optimistic† (Johnson, 2008) now, it was ruled as acceptable and rational behavior then. Kant believed that any moral or ethical decision could be achieved with consistent behavior. While judgment was based on reason, morals were based on rational choices made by human†¦show more content†¦The subject of good will for Kant is controversial. Kant believes that good will is not based on a reaction to the consequences, either negative or positive, merely by the intention of which the act was made. When an action is done in good will, the reasoning is not emotional (Johnson, 2008). It does not done out of sympathy or empathy for the individual, rather by a sense of duty. This is the controversial part because many believe that while good will is based on positive intentions, the act is performed through a feeling of love for the fellow man. Kant believes that good will focuses on all human beings regardless of feelings of love, friendship, bond, hatred, or lack of caring. This is why the best way to describe it is duty. However, Kant was not implying that no other motivating factor fuels good will. He was simply stating that when there is a dilemma that has the individual questioning the good will or morality of a decision that it is best to look at it from an unbiased view (Johnson, 2008). Removing emotional attachment from the situation has already proven to be helpful in making rational decisions in an otherwise difficult moment. According to Kant, imperatives are principles determining what individuals should do. These imperatives may be divided as those which are categorical, and those which are hypothetical; the former expresses imperatives that are thoseShow MoreRelatedKant Deontological Theory1659 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Name: Veronica Ryan Student No: 20120035 Assignment: Kant Lecturer: Prof: Wamsley Due Date: 23 August 2013 ____________________________________________________________________ Emmanuel Kant was an influential German Philosopher. He was born in Konigsberg in Prussia to Protestant parents he lived from 1724 to 1804. Kant observed the world around him and observed that that every culture religion and society has moral law whether they are obeyed or not. The Formula of Universal Law-Read MoreShould We Be A Good Grade?1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe study and development of ethical standard. There are many ethical issues that make us question what is right and wrong, but where do these questions derive from and how do they play a part in our morals. Ethical theory has been studied by philosophers since Thales, and each theory explains a different outlook on how our morals are comprised. Utilitarianism states that no action is essentially right or wrong. Rather the rightness or wrongness of an action is based on the nonmoral good that weRead MoreEssay on Exploration of Deontological Ethics833 Words   |  4 PagesExploration of Deontological Ethics Deontological ethics is concerned not with the action itself but the consequences of the action. Moral value is conferred by virtue of the actions in themselves. If a certain act is wrong, then it is wrong in all circumstances and conditions, irrespective of the consequences. This view of ethic stands in opposition to teleological views such as utilitarianism, which hold the view that the consequences of an action determine its moralRead MoreWho Is A Soldier Refuse An Illegal Or Unjust Order?1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are serious risk and consequences when Soldiers choose not to follow orders of their superiors and it rests on a Soldier’s understanding of what is illegal or unjust and immoral or moral. Kant is responsible for the most prominent and well-known form of deontological ethics. Kant’s moral theory is based on his view of the human being as having the unique capacity for rationality. Mitcham states that, â€Å"deontologists focus on the rightness of an act and not on what results from the act. Read MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions o f animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of other living creatures. Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics will provide two philosophical insightsRead MoreA Critical Evaluation of Worldcoms Ethical Problems Using the Deontological Framework1576 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿WorldCom Ethics Introduction The objective of this study is to examine the case of WorldCom and to answer the question of what are the ethical problems raised in the WorldCom case and to critically evaluate WorldComs ethical problems using the deontological framework. Finally, this study will assess WorldComs ethics and Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative. I. WorldCom Ethical Problems Raised It is reported that the case study of Moberg and Romar (2003) notes WorldComs encounter with creativeRead MoreDeontological and Teleological Ethical Theory1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe act Deontological Ethics = Non - Consequentialist Ethics Morality of an act is based in the act itself. Types of Teleological Ethics 1. Utilitarianism – Utilitarian moral theory is classical utilitarianism, 2. Varieties of ancient Greek virtue ethics – Aristotle Ethics is an Example a. The goal of ethics is to explain how one achieves the good life for human beings. There are only two basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories: teleological theories, deontological theories TELEOLOGICALRead MoreImmanuel Kants Theory Of Moralism And Utilitarian Ethics1377 Words   |  6 PagesDeontological ethicists focus on the morality of a person’s decisions based on principles of law or rules. Theories that follow this form of ethics question whether decisions made or considered good in action, rather than good in the end. Immanuel Kant, a famous great philosopher, generally based his thought on this form of ethics. On the other hand, utilitarian ethicists focus on maximizing the utilization of resources, also while balancing the principles of right and wrong. John Stuart Mills, anotherRead MoreKant And Kant s Theory Of Philosophy953 Words   |  4 PagesINFLUENCED BY: Kant was influenced by the scientist known for discovering gravity, Isaac Newton. Kant viewed the universe in a very mechanistic way, i.e., things operated according to fixed rules and emphasized the pre-eminence of reason as an authority for knowledge. It was this emphasis on reason that lead him towards his deontological theory, therefore he was concerned with the actions, not the consequences. Kant theory was influenced by: †¢ Religion: Kant thinking was used in Britain to challengeRead MoreDescribe the Main Principles of the Two Normative Ethical Theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism. Compare and Contrast the Two Theories, Bringing Out Any Problems or Limitations You See in Each.1652 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay †¢ Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories†¦) †¢ Utilitarianism- example †¢ Deontology- example- compare †¢ comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. †¢ Limitations and positives*

Managing - Leading and Stewardship for BMW - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging, Leading and Stewardship for BMW. Answer: Introduction This is an essay, which will depict the malpractices of the organization named Volkswagen, which has been in the limelight for their unethical practices and using cheat software. Volkswagen is one of the major organizations in Germany who can be considered as the one of the market. The organization had been facing stiff challenge from rival organization such as BMW and Dailmer (The Globe and Mail 2017). The organization had falsified their result of the emission test by installing cheat devices, which was able to detect when they are tested. These devices could change their performance depending upon that and the organization was able to bypass the tests without any hindrance. This facilitated the organization to meet the emission standards and the organization was able to enter the United States market. The organization was able to push their product in to the United States market due the high budget promotional campaigns, which stated that the Volkswagen is selling cars with lowest emission rates. The EPA investigated and found out that the organization has been using defeat devices in most of the diesel cars they were selling all over the world. The organization had used modifying software in the 3litre engines of all their premium cars, which has affected the most of the cars and the corresponding society (LSE Management 2017). Issues and analysis Volkswagen was able to capture a majority of the market in the industry due to the cheat device they had used. However, as the quality of the product was not up to the market the cars that had been sold were facing of lot if issues and the condition of the cars were deteriorating at a rapid rate. The cars experienced rattles which were mysterious, starting difficulties, poor consumption of fuel, weak acceleration and low power. Thus, the drivers who are driving have lost their faith on their trusted organization and they felt that the organization is degraded the quality of the product they have been doing (Fast Company 2017). The cars that had been affected due to this emission scandal had been sent back to the dealers. The majority of the cars required simple up gradation of their software and the cars having 1.6litre engines required massive changes. Volkswagen is one of the major companies and consisted of brands like Buggati, Lamborghini, Bentley, Porsche, Skoda, SEAT and Audi s o the cheat software that has been installed has affected all these brands. The organization had lost its reputation in the market and had profound impact on the corresponding society and environment. The organization tried to achieve damage control by calling back their shares and gave an apology in the public. The organization had been facing lawsuits and criminal, which has hampered the overall performance of the organization (DISHMAN 2015). The International council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) was able to discover this phenomenon, which means that the program is able to detect the start of the test cycle. The diesel engines have between the fuel efficiency, power and emission levels that are appropriate for the cars. However, Volkswagen deliberately made sure that the validation of the product was done incorrectly. The organization had become the target for most of the regulatory bodies in the multiple countries (Nahavandi 2016). The governing bodies kept on investigating the incident to find out the loopholes in their system and is considered the as act of stupidity as the cost of this cheat quite high. However, the main issue was that a huge amount of nitrogen oxide was emitting form the devices so it hampered the overall eco system of the society. These are green house gases, which include the nitrogen oxide and cause the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The organization has been facing billions of lawsuits from all over the world and is going under prosecution for criminal offense. This shows that leadership is one of the major factor for the development and sustainability of the organization (Ehrhart 2015). It is necessary for the leaders to guide their organization in the path of success and it is the responsibility of the leader to decide how the organization can give back to the society. The use the triple bottom line the organization is the way of giving back to the society and the corresponding environment. Thus, transformative leadership is one of the major factors for making changes in the organization and providing them with the appropriate guidance. This case of Volkswagen is against the principles of the organization theory as the decision taken by the top management in the organization is against all the normative theories (Latham 2014). It is the responsibility of the top management to take the accountability for the actions of their organization. However, Volkswagen made an apology and called back all their defective cars but still they had the full intention of the cheating the public. These malpractices in the organization should have stopped by the top management and the y should have focused on providing the society with a good car that can contribute to the society (Schyns and Riggio 2016). Technological advancement and cross culture of the organization are important factor for the change in the leadership patterns. The organizational structure has changed completely for top to bottom, which shows that modern organization work in a different manner. the great leaders are able to convey their message to their employees and avoids any sort of malpractices in the organization. Power and politics is one of the most important aspects of leadership and is related to this incident (Stanley 2016). The right balance in power and politics is required in the leaders so that the interest of the public is kept in mind. The organization tried to gain maximum amount of profit so they were forced to sacrifice the good of the society. Volkswagen gave more priority to the personal goals of the organization so the overall interest of the society is lost. Recommendations and conclusions The organization does not have much option left so hey will have to go for rebranding of their product by changing their current leaders. The organization requires an effective leader who can provide proper guidance and transform the organization in to something completely different. The organization will have to restart the organization under a different brand which could be a viable option. Thus, it can be concluded from the report that Volkswagen lacked in effective leadership and they needed a better leader to provide them with better goals and objectives. However, as it is one of the most reputed organizations in their market segment it can change their polices and can slowly build their organization structure to make sure that they can maintain their sustainability and gain competitive advantage in the market. References DISHMAN, L. 2015. How Volkswagens Company Culture Could Have Led Employees To Cheat | Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3054692/how-volkswagens-company-culture-could-have-led-employees-to-cheat Ehrhart, M.G., 2015. Self-concept, implicit leadership theories, and follower preferences for leadership.Zeitschrift fr Psychologie. Fast Company 2017. How Volkswagens Company Culture Could Have Led Employees To Cheat | Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://www.fastcompany.com/3054692/how-volkswagens-company-culture-could-have-led-employees-to-cheat Latham, J.R., 2014. Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenges, theories, and a framework for future research.Quality Management Journal, 21 (1),5. LSE Management. 2017. Volkswagen: the need to enforce ethical corporate behaviour. LSE Management. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/management/2016/03/21/volkswagen-the-need-to-enforce-ethical-corporate-behaviour/ Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Schyns, B. and Riggio, R.E., 2016. Implicit Leadership Theories.Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, pp.1-7. Stanley, D., 2016. Leadership Theories and Styles.Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare: Values into Action, pp.25-46. The Globe and Mail. 2017. The Volkswagen emissions scandal: A case study in corporate misbehaviour. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 October 2017, from https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/the-vw-emissions-scandala-case-study-in-what-not-to-do/article26550100/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com

Supervision And Consultation Scenarios Essay Example

Supervision And Consultation Scenarios Essay Mara is divorcee of 36 suffering form quite depression has gone to a physiotherapist for consultation. She was migrated form Nigeria at her mid twenty and got marriage a Nigerian people in US. Due to physical and mental abuse by the husband she sees divorce. She has two children belongs with her, lived in a small apartment. By profession she was a Medical Technician. By birth she was a Nigerian. But it is not clear in the given scenario what was her believe of faith. Religion Faith is also a vital factor for the supervision of a Mental Health Patient. But the description we cannot get any picture of his faith. In this dilemma, it is mentioned that the husband physically and mentally abused. But they’re not an indication the nature of Mara’s abuse, which is required for providing therapy. It is a common scenario of every two American marriages now ends in divorce and one in every five people will be blindsided by depression at some point in their life.   When we put these statistics side by side and take into consideration the negative thinking and behavior typical of depression, it’s no surprise that there’s a strong connection between the natures of torture and the gaining of the depression. We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supervision And Consultation Scenarios specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Mara sought professional help, the divorce might well take a dive.   But what makes her illness such a lethal weapon is its talent for camouflage.   She slide into depression has no idea what’s the matter with her, so she assigns blame for the way she feels to the people closest to her.   Her non-depressed partners, equally in the dark as to the real cause of what looks like a personality change for the worse, react to the barrage of criticism and resentment coming their way by responding in kind. The ultimate result is the unnecessary failure of a lot of otherwise good relationships. After taking the Depression to Janet Thomas bone up on depression of Mara probably be surprised to learn that anger is more typical of depression than silent sadness, she need to overcome the incensed denial   â€Å"What, she depressed? She must be crazy!   Her partner is likely to proclaim. Janet work to encourage her to seek professional help. But we cannot stay clear of complaints about situation, criticism and selfishness and focus instead on depression’s physical symptoms, such as insomnia and loss of appetite and energy. But it’s also very important to protect her from the heavy-duty emotional wear and tear that inevitably results from living with someone else’s depression. Trying to keep persuading her over months of misery that Janet can hang in there until treatment is accepted and works its magic can be discouraging and exhausting. Analyzing the supervisory and Consultative Presented to the depression sufferers, surveying a familiar landscape and finding it lifeless and assume that their lack of pleasure is a sign of boredom and signals the need for change. Mara at the unwarranted and seemingly inexplicable treatment meted out to her by the supervisor and Consultant they love, respect, and thought they knew well. Evaluation the Effectiveness: John Gonsiorek is a of faculty member at Capella University with 25 years of practice he has vast experience in supervision and consultation activities. Janet Thomas is in Private Practice at Paul, Minnesota. He is providing supervision and consultation in the field of mental health. He is also efficient in Clinical supervision and consultation as well as ethics. To comment on their effectiveness and therapy and professionalism, first let we indicates the standard Responsibility of the Consultant and Supervisor to the Client, simultaneously we point out, which of them are followed and which are not. RESPONSIBILITY OF CONSULTANTS TOWARD CLIENTS: This section refers to practices and measures of individual and/or group consulting relationships. Herein client† is defined as: the person(s) coming to a consultant for guidance or information in order to help an individual involved in a cultic relationship. When the client decides to pursue an intervention aimed at helping the concerned person revaluate his or her commitment to the group practicing thought reform, the involved person becomes the primary client. A. General Standards for the Consulting Relationship 1) The Consultants primary commitment is to respect the integrity and promote the welfare of the client(s), whether the client(s) is (are) assisted individually or in a group relationship. 2) When working with clients, a subscribing consultant avoids prejudice due to race, religion, sex, political affiliation, social or economic status, or choice of lifestyle. 3) If a Consultant cannot put forward service for any reason, he or she will make appropriate to a referrals as soon as possible. 4) The consultant will not use his or her consulting relationship for personal needs or to further religious, political, or business interests. 5) The consultant will not employ methods or techniques such as neuron- linguistics programming, hypnosis or Ericksonian hypnosis or other techniques similar to those employed by cult groups without fully informed permission of the client. 6) Consultants recognize their boundaries of competence and provide only those services for which they are qualified by training or experience. Consultants should only accept those cases for which they are qualified. 7) The consulting relationship have to be one in which client self-direction is encouraged. The consultant must sustain this role constantly and not become a decision-maker for the client or create within the client a future dependency on the consultant. 8)The Human Services field is fitting increasingly complex and specialized. Some thought reform consultants are able to deal with every alternative problem, and many possible clients have difficulty determining the competence of thought reform consultants. Selecting one is difficult because of the lack of knowledge about pertinent qualifications. In some cases, stress itself may impair judgment. 9) The consultant must notify the client of the purposes, goals, a rule of procedure and limitations that may affect the relationship at or before the time the consulting relationship is begun. 10) Before an intervention can be initiated, subscribing consultants and client(s) must agree on the definition of the problem, the goals of the intervention, and the range of possible consequences. 11) The consultant must update the concerned party that should a client be prevented from leaving the site of the consultation or physically restrained in any manner. 12) Obtaining the clients, a consultant may choose to consult with any other professionally competent person about a client or aspects of the situation. If the client refuses to allow consultant to seek outside consultation when the consultant deems such consultation necessary, the consultant should consider terminating with that client. 13) The consultant is engaged in individual or group consulting, he should be cognizant of mental health resources available. 14) Ethical behavior along with professional associates, including consultants subscribing to these ethical standards and those not subscribing, must be expected at all times. When information is possessed that raises doubt as to the ethical behavior of professional colleagues, whether the consultants or peer consultants, the member should take action to attempt to rectify such a condition. Such action shall use the procedures established by these ethical standards. 15) The consultant must have a high degree of self-awareness of his or her own values, knowledge, skills, limitations, and needs in towards the inside a helping relationship that involves decision-making capacity and critical thinking skills, and that the centre of attention of the relationship should be on the issues to be resolved and not on the person(s) presenting the problem. 16) A dual relationships with clients that might make worse the consultants objectivity and professional judgment must be avoided and/or the consulting relationship terminated through referral to another competent professional. 17) The consultants do not condone or connect in sexual harassment, which is defined as deliberate comments, or physical contacts of a sexual nature. 18) The consultant will avoid any type of sexual contact with clients. Sexual relationships with clients are unethical and are forbidden. 19) When the consultant concludes that he or she cannot be of professional assistance to the client, the consultant must terminate the relationship. 20) A consultant has an obligation to withdraw from a consulting relationship if it is supposed that employment will result in violation of the Ethical Standards. 21) The consultants come across a situation in that is appropriate ethical behavior is not clear, they should seek the advice from knowledgeable persons. B. Confidentiality and Records: 1) The Records of the consulting relationship including interview notes, family internal information, correspondence, tape recordings, electronic data storage, and other documents are to be considered confidential information. Disclosure to others of such material must happen only upon the expressed written consent of the client. 2) The data derived from a consulting relationship for purposes of consultant training or research shall be confined to content that can be disguised to protect the identity of the subject client without written permission of the client is obtained. C. Financial Matters 1) The consultant recognizes the significance of clear understandings on financial matters with clients. Arrangements for payments are settled at the beginning of the consultation relationship. The consultant should provide a written and dated schedule of fees to potential clients. 2) For establishing fees for professional services, the consultants must consider the financial standing of clients and her family. Established fee structure is inappropriate for a client, consultants are encouraged to support families in finding appropriate and available services at satisfactory cost. 3) The consultant should neither offer nor accept payment for referrals, and will vigorously seek all significant information from the source of referral. In the given scenario, as a Consultant Supervisor Janet Thomas and Consultant’s consultant John Gonsiorek have successfully followed General Standards for the Consulting Relationship but they are failed to keep their evidence of effectiveness and professionalism in Confidentiality Records and financial maters. Better Approach That Work with More Effectiveness In the Case of Mara, as Nigerian migrant, her family member was not in US. There were no adiqute friends and relation for her mental support. Financial scarcity, losing insurance support and lacking of knowledge about state provided services, job uncertainty, physical and emotional abused by the husband and finally the divorce caused her depression. In my consideration for Mara the Evidence-Based Practices should bring better outcomes. Evidence-Based Practices has been reached through the methodical review of thousands of studies with combination of new statistical techniques and the judgment of expert reviewers. Agencies for Healthcare Research and Quality in the United States and the Cochrane Collaboration have recognized principles for determining the effectiveness of treatments. These include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Randomized clinical trials improve the validity of underlying conclusions,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Replication of results in multiple settings improves the validity of results for actual practice,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Constancy of findings builds confidence Evidence can be ranked in terms of validity, clinical confidence, and expert judgments. Examples of evidence-based mental health practices are available in the Cochrane Library, in reviews commissioned by AHRQ from the Evidence-Based Practice Centers, and in professional associations clinical practice guidelines One of the most recent reference documents is Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General The way of conducting systematic Evidence-Based Practice includes:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of objectives and eligibility criteria,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Identification of (all) potentially eligible studies,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Application of eligibility criteria,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Use of unbiased procedures for extracting data,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Critical appraisal,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Assembly of the most complete data set feasible,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Analysis of the data set, using statistical sensitivity analyses,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Preparation of a structured report. The statistical set of methods used in the process of systematic review. This called meta-analysis and it has become a science in the last decade. The new statistical techniques allow for combining data in ways, which allow assessment of effect sizes and of the level of confidence in the reliability of the conclusions. The researchers conducting these systematic reviews in most structured form as follows:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Design and pilot testing of data extraction forms so as to ensure the standardization of the data extracted from each study,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Selection of studies for review based upon explicit eligibility criteria and agreed upon by more than one reviewer,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Assessment of inter-ratter reliability in extracting the data from studies,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When possible, blinding of observers to authors, institutions, and journals,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Data extraction and quality assessment by more than one observer,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Careful assessment of biases in studies, including treatment allocation biases, blinding, and handling of patient attrition,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Listing excluded studies, along with reasons for the exclusions,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     This methodology, as in other scientific endeavours, is designed to allow readers to evaluate the methods, and to allow others to try to replicate the findings, of the review. There are two groups of mental health patients of particular concern as regards public-sector policy in the United States. Patterns of accountability, governance, financing and responsibility for mental health services have been changing the public mental health system and public mental health authorities now serve most population groups. No one agency is accountable for all services and resources.